10 Surprising Effects Of Global Warming

A creative video explain the pollution gases.

By sk

Pollution, Ozone, Recycling, etc.

http://eschooltoday.com/ozone-depletion/ozone-information-for-children.html
The website above contains lots of information about what we are currently studying. I hope this will help our class Sec 2 for our Geography project. :)

-Adrian Wong

Fun Science Facts about Our Body Parts ! @@

The brain uses over a quarter of the oxygen used by the human body. Your heart beats around 100000 times a day, 36500000 times a year and over a billion times if you live beyond 30. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. They are created inside the bone marrow of your bones. The colour of a humans skin is determined by the level of pigment melanin that the body produces. Those with small amounts of melanin have light skin while those with large amounts have dark skin. Adult lungs have a surface area of around 70 square metres!. Humans have a stage of sleep that features rapid eye movement (REM). REM sleep makes up around 25% of total sleep time and is often when you have your most vivid dreams. Most adults have 32 teeth. The smallest bone found in the human body is located in the middle ear. The staples (or stirrup) bone is only 2.8 millimetres long. Your nose and ears continue growing throughout your entire life. Infants blink only once or twice a minute while adults average around 10. As well as having unique fingerprints, humans also have unique tongue prints. The left side of your body is controlled by the right side of your brain while the right side of your body is controlled by the left side of your brain. Antibiotics are only effective against bacteria, they won't help in fighting off a virus. It takes the body around 12 hours to completely digest eaten food. Your sense of smell is around 10000 times more sensitive than your sense of taste. Your height is 7 times the length of your foot XD For more facts, your can visit   http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts.html EriccC

Main causes of OZONE DEPLETION

As we study this chapter, we have read through Ozone depletion. Let's look at the MAIN OZONE DEPLETION SUBSTANCES(ODS)

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • The most widely used ODS, accounting for over 80% of total stratospheric ozone depletion.
• Used as coolants in refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners in buildings and cars manufactured before 1995.
• Found in industrial solvents, dry-cleaning agents and hospital sterilants.
• Also used in foam products — such as soft-foam padding (e.g. cushions and mattresses) and rigid foam (e.g. home insulation).
• Halons
  • Used in some fire extinguishers, in cases where materials and equipment would be destroyed by water or other fire extinguisher chemicals. In B.C., halons cause greater damage to the ozone layer than do CFCs from automobile air conditioners.
• Methyl Chloroform
  • Used mainly in industry — for vapour degreasing, some aerosols, cold cleaning, adhesives and chemical processing.
• Carbon Tetrachloride
  • Used in solvents and some fire extinguishers.
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
  • HCFCs have become major, “transitional” substitutes for CFCs. They are much less harmful to stratospheric ozone than CFCs are. But HCFCs they still cause some ozone destruction and are potent greenhouse gases.

By-Bigbang VIP Janice Kwon❤

Air Pollution Causes, Effects And Solutions!! This video shows some picture and some causes that cause air pollution and how all this cause global warming .There also provide some solution .Perhaps we can take some idea from here for our project.

 BY:Emily 

The origin of bad ozone

When gasoline and coal are burned, nitrogen oxide gases (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are released into the air. During the warm, sunny days of spring, summer and early fall, NOx and VOC are more likely to combine with oxygen and form ozone. During those seasons, high concentrations of ozone are often formed during the heat of the afternoon and early evening, and are likely to dissipate later in the evening as the air cools.

VIDEO ABOUT IT :)

BY: ZOEY 

SoRRy I am late :(

GLOBAL WARMING AND OZONE DEPLETION !

Please finish watching this video.This video will really enlarge your knowledge about globe warming and ozone layer. after watching this video, I kinda understood these 2 things. It is really useful for you kids , finish it with heart and comment with heart .

One more thing I want mention is,stop using those spray that makes your toilet or house smell good ! It contain CFCs that will damage the ozone layer ! We studied the CFCs before , don't be lazy , flip back few pages and recall more about CFCs

By:Mr Tan.

New Technology Reduces Water Consumption ----->>Joanne Tan

NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR PROCESS WATER TREATMTENT

Better effluent treatment plants will deliver our biggest improvements in water reduction through opportunities to reuse treated process waste water.

NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR COOLING TOWER OPERATION

We have been piloting new technology in our cooling towers to help us reduce the amount of water and chemicals we use. 

RAINWATER HARVESTING

Manufacturing sites in Malaysia provide many good examples of how rainwater is used for factory utilities such as cooling towers, boilers, manufacturing processes  and toilet flushing.

WATER REUSE IN THE AMERICAS

The process cooling water that was formerly discharged as effluent is now collected and treated with a carbon filter. The water is then reused, saving around 5% of total water use.

HOPE YOU ALL LIKE THIS :)

http://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/water/reducingwateruseinmanufacturing/index.aspx

Lynas truth.

It tells us the rare earth and how to save the earth.

BY:YUJIAN

This step-by-step video shows how the women of Njau, Gambia recycle plastic bags into beautiful purses - and you can learn! Isatou Ceesay, narrator, is also the project manager for NRIGG, the Njau Recycling and Income Generating Group in The Gambia, West Africa.

By: Jeremy :)

Noise pollution is a form of environmental pollution that may be the most dangerous to human health and the most widespread and common. However, it is overlooked and the affects it has on our health are underestimated because this form of pollution has no taste, color, or smell. 

The source of this pollution includes the modern and high-tech sound and electronic equipments.

To clarify, noise pollution is defined as displeasing and unwanted sound released into the environment which can be harmful to the ear and to overall health. The danger of noise pollution lies in the fact that we are involuntarily exposed to it and sometimes without even realizing. 

The ear constantly picks up and receives sounds, even when we are asleep, unlike the eyes which we can shut when we do not want to see something undesirable.

Any loud sound or excessive, sudden, and unpleasant noise stresses the human body. Noise causes an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. These adverse effects are temporary and as soon as the noise ceases, blood pressure and heart rate return to normal. 

Unfortunately, urban life has created an environment that continuously surrounds us with noise, which means that the body’s reaction is prolonged. Sound is measured in the units of decibels and is denoted by dB. The level of noise must be below 25 dB in order for us to be able to sleep and rest. Whispering produces sound at between 20 and 30 dB whereas normal conversation is at around 60 dB. 

The sound from traffic congestion on the road is measured to be 70 dB, equal to the sound of the vacuum cleaner at home. 

The hair dryer is even higher on the scale; 90 dB. We are unable to mentally concentrate and focus if the sounds surrounding us are higher than 65 dB. Sounds that reach over 85 dB can lead to serious health problems, keeping in mind that train or metro stations and motorcycles give off sounds at 100 dB and airplanes up to 120 dB.

In our current lifestyles, noise pollution follows us wherever we go; in the street, public places such as restaurants, cafés, shopping centers, all means of transportation, in addition to construction machines which are notorious for producing harmfully loud sounds. 

At home, not much respite can be found because the electrical appliances, such as the vacuum cleaner, washing machine, and air conditioning units also produce noise pollution, even when we are sleeping.

The affects of noise pollution are largely ignored and the root of the problem is that noise and sounds are so widespread. 

Most people are unaware that prolonged exposure to loud sounds can result in tinnitus (ringing in the ear), permanent damage to tissues in the inner ear, and hearing loss. In Europe, 60 percent of the youth are at risk of hearing loss.

The US National Institute of Health warned that prolonged and recurrent exposure to sounds over 85 dB can lead to hearing loss. 

As for the negative impact of noise pollution on our health, it adversely affects the heart and blood vessels.
 
The body views any loud and disturbing sound which lasts for more than three seconds as a threat. 

The body’s automated response includes shrinking of the arteries and a release of the hormones adrenalin and cortisol to deal with the perceived assault.

These hormones trigger a cascade of responses in the body causing irritability, anxiety, mood swings, headaches, poor concentration, insomnia, depression, and memory loss. 

Studies found that 20 percent of the psychiatric patients in France are victims of the disturbances created by noise pollution.

The irritability, mood swings, poor concentration, and memory loss caused by noise pollution no doubt interfere with productivity and performance at work. One company that installed efficient sound insulation in the walls of the employees' offices noticed a 25 percent reduction in calculation and accounting errors and a 27 percent reduction in typing errors made by employees.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported studies that showed that chronic exposure to noise pollution at a level over 70 dB was correlated with increased blood pressure, heart disease, and even heart attacks.

The digestive system is also affected by noise pollution and some conditions may worsen such as stomach and intestinal ulcers, spastic colon, and irritable bowel syndrome. 

Noise pollution also weakens the immune system, making us more prone to catching infections, contagious diseases, and cancer.

The WHO confirmed that noise pollution in the school and home hinders the learning ability among children. Several studies found that students who live near airports achieved lower scores at school in reading and linguistic abilities than those who did not live near airports.
 
Over time, children who live in areas with high noise pollution suffer from poor concentration, inexplicable fluctuations in mood, fatigue, poor academic performance, aggressiveness, and they exhibit a lack of cooperation and teamwork.

What are the solutions?

At the government level, better city planning is needed such as surrounding residential areas with parks and greenery because trees are good absorbers of unwanted sound. 

Schools and hospitals should be built far away from the sources of noise pollution, namely airports, train stations, and busy and crowded freeways. Strict laws should be in place to penalize motorists for unnecessarily honking the horns of their cars, especially at night. 

Airports should be kept at a safe, far distance from the city.

As for families and individuals, each person must take care to choose a suitable location for their house, far away from loud noises and can install good insulators and double-glaze windows to keep sounds out. Control the volume of the television and never leave it on when none is watching or listening.

Make sure that the studying areas of children are in calm, quiet rooms of the home, at a good distance from loud areas such as the kitchen or family room.

Educate your family about the negative effects of noise pollution on health. Allocate a time of the day for some seclusion in stillness and quiet so that the body can regain its inner balance and restore its normal functions.

~By SeeHx :D

I have come across an environmentally friendly item that is made of by recycled paper ,it is and good video ,and it show use how it actually our toilet paper is made.

 BY @@S.K

STOP LYNAS!!!

 An estimated 20,000 citizens together with Malaysian civil society organisations converged in Kuantan for a rally to protest against the Lynas project and to demand for a clean and safe future for Malaysia.  The Stop Lynas campaign has escalated into the biggest ever environmental issue for the country.  Participants arrived from all over the country including the east Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak.      

The following website will bring you to the presentation of [360 View Of Lynas] :   

  http://prezi.com/mq0pi-wwm7z_/causes-and-effects-of-lynas/#           
   

Please check this website out because its presentation was really AWESOME!! :)      

By IGN                           

Hospital Wastes

Hospital wastes, also known as medical waste is all waste materials generated at health care facilities, such as hospitals, clinics, physician's offices, dental practices, blood banks, and veterinary hospitals/clinics, as well as medical research facilities and laboratories.

Health-care activities, protect and restore health and save lives. But what about the wastes and by-products they generate? Of the total amount of waste generated by health-care activities, about 80% is general waste comparable to domestic waste. The remaining 20% is considered hazardous material that may be infectious, toxic or radioactive.

Types of waste:
Infectious waste: Waste contaminated with blood and its by-products, cultures and stocks of infectious agents, waste from patients in isolation wards, discarded diagnostic samples containing blood and body fluids, infected animals from laboratories, and contaminated materials (swabs, bandages) and equipment (such as disposable medical devices).

Pathological waste: Recognizable body parts and contaminated animal carcasses.

Sharps: Syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades, etc.

Chemicals: For example mercury, solvents and disinfectants.

Pharmaceuticals: Expired, unused, and contaminated drugs; vaccines and sera.

Genotoxic waste: Highly hazardous, mutagenic, teratogenic1 or carcinogenic, such as cytotoxic drugs used in cancer treatment and their metabolites.

Radioactive waste: Such as glassware contaminated with radioactive diagnostic material or radiotherapeutic materials.

Heavy metals waste: Such as broken mercury thermometers.

For more information, please visit:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs253/en/

-Adrian Wong

11 FACTS ABOUT POLLUTION by Eric

POLLUTANTS RELEASED FROM INDUSTRIES

1. 1.Pollution is one of the biggest global killers, affecting over 100 million people. That’s comparable to global diseases like malaria and HIV.
2. 2.Over 1 billion people worldwide lack access to safe drinking water. 5,000 people die each day due to dirty drinking water.
3. 3.14 billion pounds of garbage are dumped into the ocean every year. Most of it is plastic.
4. 4.Over 1 million seabirds and 100,000 sea mammals are killed by pollution every year.
5. 5.People who live in places with high levels of air pollutants have a 20% higher risk of death from lung cancer than people who live in less-polluted areas. 
6. 6.The Mississippi River carries an estimated 1.5 million metric tons of nitrogen pollution into the Gulf of Mexico each year, creating a “dead zone” in the Gulf each summer about the size of New Jersey.
7. 7.Approximately 46% of the lakes in America are too polluted for fishing, aquatic life, or swimming.
8. 8.Americans make up an estimated 5% of the world’s population. However, the U.S. produces an estimated 30% of the world’s waste and uses 25% of the world’s resources.
9. 9.Each year 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated sewage, stormwater, and industrial waste are dumped into U.S. water.
10. 10.While children only make up 10% of the world’s population, over 40% of the global burden of disease falls on them. More than 3 million children under age five die annually from environmental factors.
11. 11.Recycling and composting prevented 85 million tons of material away from being disposed of in 2010, up from 18 million tons in 1980.

22 ways to prevent pollution

Previously, we've shared about many kinds of pollution. Now, I'm going to share about how to prevent pollution.

1.Try to persuade families to only have one car.

2.Throw trash in the proper places.

3.Reduce, reuse, and recycle things in your house. 

4.Dispose of chemicals properly.

5.Avoid things like painting near bodies of water.

6.Use environmentally friendly cleaning products.

7.Use environmentally friendly pesticides.

8.Keep your car in good shape to avoid leaking fluids into the ground.

9.Keep boats in good condition to avoid leaking fluids into the water.

10.Don't throw cigarette butts on the ground.

11.Walk or ride a bicycle.

12.Ride public transit.

13.Paint with a brush, not a sprayer.

14.Turn off the lights when you leave a room.

15.Use a fan instead of air conditioning.

16.Print and photocopy on both sides of the paper.

17.Choose recycled products.

18.Choose products with recyclable packaging.

19.Reuse paper bags.

20.Recycle paper, plastics, and metals.

21.Check with your utility company for energy conservation tips, like purchasing energy saving appliances.

22.Use a thermostat that automatically turns off the air conditioner or heater when you don't need them. 

 By-Bigbang VIP Janice :) 

Environmental Problem :)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW7fxGG9cEM

This video teaches the way how to save our MOTHER EARTH .... OUR MOTHER is crying for help....If a people do a little..the world + together is a lot !!

WATCH IT'S FUNNY TOO :)

BY:Panda ZO

As we are studying noise pollution , i am gonna share some information about it !

Noise health effects are the health consequences of elevated sound levels. Elevated workplace or other noise can cause hearing impairment,hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure.

Although some presbycusis may occur naturally with age, in many developed nations the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime. Noise exposure also has been known to induce tinnitus, hypertension, vasoconstriction, and other cardiovascular adverse effects.

Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress, increase workplace accident rates, as well as stimulating aggression and other anti-social behaviors. The most significant causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise. In Norway, road traffic has been demonstrated to cause almost 80% of the noise annoyances reported.

There may be psychological definitions of noise as well. Firecrackers may upset domestic and wild animals or noise-traumatized individuals. The most common noise-traumatized persons are those exposed to military conflicts, but often loud groups of people can trigger complaints and other behaviors about noise. Infants are easily startled by noise.

The social costs of traffic noise in EU22 are more than €40 billion per year, and passenger cars and lorries (trucks) are responsible for bulk of costs.Traffic noise alone is harming the health of almost every third person in the WHO European Region. One in five Europeans is regularly exposed to sound levels at night that could significantly damage health.

Noise also is a threat to marine and terrestrial ecosystems.

I have to share it earlier because I am away in the date I am sharing . So here is an interesting website with pictures that shows and explains noise pollution. By: Emily

http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=1699

So please stop hurting our planet ;(

Air Pollution Now Threatening Health Worldwide

Humanity is losing the battle for clean air. Despite decades of efforts to combat it, air pollution is taking a growing toll on human health, the environment, and the economy, according to a new Worldwatch Institute study.

Once primarily an urban phenomenon in industrial countries, air pollution has spread worldwide. More than a billion people--one-fifth of all humanity--live in communities that do not meet World Health Organization air quality standards.

In greater Athens, the number of deaths rises sixfold on heavily polluted days. Mexico City has been declared a hardship post for diplomats because of its unhealthy air. In Bombay, simply breathing is equivalent to smoking half a pack of cigarettes a day.

"The technological solutions tried to date have been inadequate, their gains often negated by growth," according to Hilary F. French, a Researcher at the Washington, D.C.-based organization and author of Clearing the Air: A Global Agenda. "Restoring air quality depends on restructuring the energy, transportation, and industrial systems that generate the pollutants."

In the U.S., air pollution causes as many as 50,000 deaths per year and costs as much as $40 billion a year in health care and lost productivity.

Around the world, Milan, Shenyang, Tehran, Seoul, and Rio de Janeiro reported the worst levels of sulfur dioxide--a pollutant directly harmful to humans. Paris and Madrid also made the top 10 in the list, produced by a U.N. monitoring network.

Global Killer - Pollution

By Yujian

Pollution

In class,we are talking about ''Pollution'' in class recently.Land pollution,water pollution and air pollution,and there is a solution to it.

The world's tropical forests contain huge quantities of carbon dioxide,a greenhouse gas that causes climate change.When they are destroyed for farmland or other purposes,they release their carbon prematurely and in quantities greater than all world's cars,trucks and planes combined.The result is changing rainfall patterns,rising ocean levels and increased drought.Tropical forests are also home to most world's threatened species,many found nowhere else.

One of the quickest and most co-effective ways to reduce global carbon emissions is to conserve tropical forests.And when we do,we also:-

• Protect the natural habitat of many threatened and endangered species.

• Preserve the livelihood and incomes of local communities.

• Curb climate changes.

Over the past three years Conversation International,in conjuction with our partners,has conserved 143 millions acres of tropical forest - equivalent to talking 10 million cars off the road.

By ~ SeeHx

http://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/ham_and_potato_hash/
http://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/fancy_hot_dogs/
http://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/german_farmers_breakfast/

The process of Desalination

by :S K

This video will teach you how to tie your shoes in less than a second.

-Adrian Wong

Awesome Experiments!!!

Check these fire experiments out!!!Enjoy. . . . . :)

By: Ignatius Wong

Which is your dominant side?? XD

Test your dominant side by completing a series of challenges !

What you'll need:

• A pen or pencil
• Paper or a notepad to write your findings on
• An empty tube (an old paper towel tube is good)
• A cup of water
• A small ball (or something soft you can throw)

Instructions:

1. Write ‘left’ or ‘right’ next to each task depending on what side you used/favored.
2. When you’ve finished all the challenges review your results and make your own conclusions about which is your dominant eye, hand and foot.

Eye tests:

1. Which eye do you use to wink?
2. Which eye do you use to look through the empty tube?
3. Extend your arms in front of your body. Make a triangle shape using your fore fingers and thumbs. Bring your hands together, making the triangle smaller (about the size of a coin is good). Find a small object in the room and focus on it through the hole in your hands (using both eyes). Try closing just your left eye and then just your right, if your view of the object changed when you closed your left eye mark down ‘left’, if it changed when you closed your right eye mark down ‘right’.

Hand/Arm tests:

1. Which hand do you use to write?
2. Pick up the cup of water, which hand did you use?
3. Throw the ball, which arm did you use?

Foot/Leg tests:

1. Run forward and jump off one leg, which did you jump off?
2. Drop the ball on the ground and kick it, which foot did you use?

Left or Right?

So what side do you favor? Are you left handed or right handed? Left footed or right footed? Is your right eye dominant or is it your left?

It’s not strange to find people who favor the opposite hand and foot (e.g. left hand and right foot), and some people are lucky enough to be ambidextrous, meaning they can use their left and right sides with equal skill.

Interesting Facts: Around 90% of the world’s population is right handed. Around 80% of people are right footed and 70% favor their right eye.

Questions:

• Are you more likely to be left handed if one of your parents is left handed?
• What are some of the possible disadvantages for left handed people? (Tools, writing materials etc)
• Do left handed people have an advantage in sports? In what ways?

                                                                                                                     By: Eric XD

Singapore-Malaysia water agreements

 Today we read about Singapore buy water from Malaysia in Geography class. Let's read more about it:

 Singapore and Malaysia have signed four agreements to regulate the supply of water from Malaysia to Singapore. The first - signed in 1927 - is no longer in force. Water imported from Malaysia under the other three agreements - signed in 1961, 1962 and 1990 - meets about half of Singapore's water demand. However, this will be reduced after the 1961 pact expires in August 2011. The government has also stated that Singapore can be self-sufficient in water by the time the 1962 and 1990 agreements expire in 2061.

1927 Agreement

Dated 5 December 1927, this was signed between the municipal commissioners of the town of Singapore and Sultan Ibrahim of the state and territories of Johor. It allowed Singapore to rent 2,100 acres (8.5km²) of land in Gunong Pulai for the purpose of supplying raw water from the area to Singapore. An annual rent of 30 cents per acre (per 4,047m²) was payable on the land, but the water was free. Johor set aside an additional 25mi² (64.7km²) of land and agreed not to alienate any part of this land for the next 21 years without the consent of the Singapore commissioners. If the latter wanted to reserve any part of this plot for drawing water, they had to give notice to the Johor government and pay an annual rent of $5 per acre. In return, Johor could obtain 800,000 gallons (3,637m³) of treated water from Singapore daily at a rate of 25 cents per 1,000 gallons (per 4.55m³). If Johor required more treated water after 1929, the amount supplied could be increased but only up to 1,200,000 gallons (5,455m3) per day.

1961 Agreement

This was called the Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement and was made between the city council of the state of Singapore and the government of the state of Johor. The agreement was officially signed on 2 October 1961 but took effect on 1 September 1961. By then, Singapore was a self-governing state within the British empire while Malaya was already an independent nation. The 1927 agreement was declared void in this document.

The agreement gave Singapore the full and exclusive right to draw off all the water within the designated land at Gunong Pulai, Sungei Tebrau and Sungei Scudai for a period of 50 years up till 2011. Singapore was to pay an annual rent of $5 per acre for the land and a charge of 3 cents for every 1,000 gallons of water. Singapore also agreed to provide Johor with a daily supply of treated water up to 12% of the raw water it drew, subject to a minimum of four million gallons (18,184m³), and at a price of 50 cents per 1,000 gallons. If the 12% provided by Singapore was insufficient, Johor could request for more treated water to be supplied.

1962 Agreement

Called the Johor River Water Agreement, this was signed on 29 September 1962 between the Singapore city council and the Johor state government. Valid for 99 years up till 2061, it gave Singapore the full and exclusive right to draw water from Johor River up to a maximum of 250 million gallons per day (mgd) (1.14 million cubic metres a day). In return, Johor was entitled to a daily supply of treated water from Singapore up to 2% of the raw water it supplied.

Singapore had to pay rent for the land it used "at the standard rate applicable to building lots on town land". The water prices remained the same as in the previous agreement - 3 cents per 1,000 gallons of raw water supplied to Singapore and 50 cents per 1,000 gallons of treated water sold to Johor. After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using a common currency, the prices became denominated in Malaysian ringgit.

The 1961 and 1962 agreements provided for a price review after 25 years, with arbitration being the agreed course of action if bilateral price negotiations failed. However, the Johor government chose not to revise the prices at both opportunities, in 1986 and 1987.

The Independence of Singapore Agreement (also known as the Separation Agreement) signed between the governments of Singapore and Malaysia on 9 August 1965 guaranteed the 1961 and 1962 water agreements.


1990 Agreement

This was signed on 24 November 1990 between the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore and the Johor state government. It was supplementary to the 1962 pact and would also expire in 2061. A separate document was signed on the same day by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore to guarantee adherence to the agreement.

Under this agreement, Singapore was allowed to construct a dam across Sungei Linggui to facilitate the extraction of water from Johor River, with Johor setting aside about 21,600ha (216km²) of land for the project. Singapore agreed to pay RM320 million as compensation for the permanent loss of use of the land and its associated revenue, in addition to a premium of RM18,000 per hectare (per 10,000m²) and an annual rent of RM30 for every 1,000ft² (per 92.9m²) of the land. The cost of building and maintaining the dam would be borne by Singapore.

In return, Singapore could buy (from Johor) treated water generated by the new dam. This would be over and above the 250mgd of raw water that it was allowed to draw from Johor River under the 1962 agreement. The price of this additional supply would be calculated based on a fixed formula: the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs plus 50% of the surplus from the sale of this water by PUB to its consumers after deducting Johor's price and PUB's cost of distribution, or 115% of the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs, whichever was higher.

This agreement was a follow-up to the memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed on 28 June 1988 between the two countries' prime ministers at the time, Lee Kuan Yew for Singapore and Mahathir Mohamad for Malaysia. The signing of the MOU was hailed as a breakthrough in Singapore-Malaysia water relations, the culmination of six years of difficult negotiations.

Beyond 2061

The Singapore government has stated that it will not renew the 1961 agreement which expires in 2011. Attempts to reach a new deal with Malaysia to secure water supply for Singapore beyond 2061 have not borne fruit despite years of tedious negotiations. To reduce Singapore's dependence on imported water, the government has taken steps to increase the size of the local water catchment area and to build up the supply from non-conventional sources, namely NEWater (reclaimed water) and desalinated water. With the various water projects progressing well, government officials have assured Singaporeans that the country can be self-reliant in water by 2061 if it needs to be.




 cite resource-http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.html

By-Janice :)

Make your own parachute! learn about air resistance!! by emily:)

• Design and Test a Parachute
  Learn about air resistance while making an awesome parachute! Design one that can fall slowly to the ground before putting it to the test, making modifications as you go.

  
  Sponsored Links

  What you'll need:

  A plastic bag or light material
  Scissors
  String
  A small object to act as the weight, a little action figure would be perfect

  Instructions:

  Cut out a large square from your plastic bag or material.
  Trim the edges so it looks like an octagon (an eight sided shape).
  Cut a small whole near the edge of each side.
  Attach 8 pieces of string of the same length to each of the holes.
  Tie the pieces of string to the object you are using as a weight.
  Use a chair or find a high spot to drop your parachute and test how well it worked, remember that you want it to drop as slow as possible.

  What's happening?

  Hopefully your parachute will descend slowly to the ground, giving your weight a comfortable landing. When you release the parachute the weight pulls down on the strings and opens up a large surface area of material that uses air resistance to slow it down. The larger the surface area the more air resistance and the slower the parachute will drop.

  Cutting a small hole in the middle of the parachute will allow air to slowly pass through it rather than spilling out over one side, this should help the parachute fall straighter.

Water Pollution faced in Malaysia :'(

Hey Guys ! I am Zoey,since we are learning water resources in geography class now let's take a look that water pollution in our own country,Malaysia.

   As Malaysia is fast becoming an industrial country, many of her rivers have become polluted due to the many wastes that have been poured out into her rivers. Such as the paper making industry, it requires chemicals, often poisonous in its production. The rivers are used as an outlet for the chemicals to drain away, in turn harming the waters and the lives that revolve around them.
    There are many ethnic aboriginal groups that still exist in Malaysia and the people depend on the rivers and streams to survive. They depend on the river for food, water supply for drinking, bathing and for their crops. the river happens to be the main centre of their livelihood and without the rivers the whole tribes cannot survive as their ancestors had done generations before them, all of them depending on the rivers.
    The rivers have become a tourist attraction and this has prompted the construction of hotels and resorts around the area. As a result, many of the forests surrounding the river areas have been chopped down. The surrounding soil have no roots to hold on to and soon erode when the rains come. The soil runs into the rivers and soon the rivers become murky and shut out all the sunlight from reaching the aquatic life in the rivers and streams.  This causes them to die.
    A good example is the construction of a new golf course near the waterfall at tourist attraction Fraser’s Hill in the state of Pahang, causing it to become extremely murky and dirty due to the silt and sand that comes from the construction. The waterfall which has been the centrepoint of the hill has now lost all its attraction just because of the overwhelming need to attract more tourists to the place by building more facilities.

Scientific Facts !

Hello everyone,long time no see ! I will just share some scientific facts ! Hope you guys read finish and ENJOY !

-Hawaii is moving towards Japan at the speed of 10cm a year. This is because they are on different tectonic plates.

-The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest living structure in the world.

-The Niagara Falls are located on the border of the USA and Canada.( I have been to Niagara Falls and it was spectacular,You can hear the rushing water and during the night the lights(Many colour) is on , it shine on the water , it is colourful and wonderful ! It is huge too !

-Rock found at the bottom of the Grand Canyon is around 2 billion years old. 

-"Whether you can observe a thing or not depends on the theory which you use. It is the theory which decides what can be observed." ( It's a quote by Albert Einstein)

-Rabbits and parrots can see behind themselves without even moving their heads! ( Fun Facts) 

I think is enough for it , if i continue u guys will get bored ! haha ! see you next time ! 

By: Yao . Hua 

Sparklers Underwater Fire

by YUJIAN

10 Simple Life Hacks

This guy is such a genius...





By Jeremy :)

How to have a good outlook on life

1.Overcome your social fear. No matter what it is, just get out into the crowd and show them you are not antisocial.

2.Act like you don't care or better still ignore people who put you down. You can even tell them how you feel. Most people who put people down are insecure about themselves anyway.

3.Be yourself and have fun in life; stop trying to impress everyone. Your life is yours!

4.Be comfortable with who you are. No one else is like you! You are unique so make the most of it. Don't let people tell you who you have to be and what you have to look like. Being happy with who you are is one of the most attractive qualities one can have.

5.Do what makes you happy. If you have a dream, any dream, don't let it only be a dream. You will be happier if you fulfill your dream. Remember, the only way to have a shot at a good life is to try; if you don't try, there's no chance.

6.Know that people change and you will change. If you don't like yourself now remember that you may not be the same person later. You need time to change to the person you want to be.

7.Make the most of the rest of your life. Live life the way you want to, not how you're told and you will be happy. Life isn't measured by how long you live but the moments in your life. The more moments, the longer you lived.

1. This is just my opinion. Hope you like it.
   BY: Yujian